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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 40

Minimum spanning tree algorithms include?
Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms
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Topological sort applies to?
Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)
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Floyd-Warshall algorithm finds?
All-pairs shortest paths using dynamic programming
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Bloom filter is a?
Probabilistic space-efficient structure — no false negatives, possible false positives
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Skip list provides?
O(log n) average search with probabilistic balance
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Consistent hashing is used in?
Distributed systems for even load distribution as nodes join/leave
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Which sorting is stable?
Merge sort
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TimSort (Python's default sort) is based on?
Natural runs plus merge sort — optimized for real-world partially sorted data
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LCS (Longest Common Subsequence) has complexity?
O(n x m) using dynamic programming
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KMP string matching algorithm runs in?
O(n+m) using failure function
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Aho-Corasick algorithm performs?
Multi-pattern string matching in O(n + sum of pattern lengths + matches)
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Which data structure implements priority queue most efficiently?
Binary heap
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Segment tree supports?
Range queries and point updates in O(log n)
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Fenwick tree (BIT) is used for?
Efficient prefix sum queries and point updates in O(log n)
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DSU (Disjoint Set Union) with optimizations achieves?
Near O(1) amortized per operation (inverse Ackermann function)
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Gradient descent minimizes?
Loss function by iteratively adjusting weights in negative gradient direction
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Dropout regularization in neural networks?
Randomly deactivates neurons during training to prevent overfitting
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CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) is specialized for?
Processing grid-like data such as images
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RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) processes?
Sequential data with memory of previous inputs
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BERT is pre-trained using?
Masked Language Modeling (MLM) and Next Sentence Prediction (NSP)
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Precision in ML classification is?
TP/(TP+FP) — of all predicted positive, how many are actually positive
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Recall (Sensitivity) is?
TP/(TP+FN) — of all actual positives, how many were correctly identified
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K-fold cross-validation?
K folds — train on K-1, validate on 1, repeat K times
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Random forest is ensemble of?
Decision trees trained on random subsets with feature randomness
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XGBoost is based on?
Gradient boosted decision trees with regularization
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ACID vs BASE: BASE means?
Basically Available, Soft-state, Eventually consistent
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ETL stands for?
Extract, Transform, Load
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Star schema in data warehouse has?
Central fact table surrounded by dimension tables
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OLAP vs OLTP: OLAP is for?
Analytical queries on large datasets (data warehousing)
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Elasticsearch is primarily used for?
Full-text search and log analytics
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SLA stands for?
Service Level Agreement
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MTTR stands for?
Mean Time To Recover
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MTBF stands for?
Mean Time Between Failures
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99.9% uptime (three nines) allows how much downtime per year?
About 8.76 hours
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High availability refers to?
System designed to minimize downtime with redundancy
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Disaster Recovery RPO stands for?
Recovery Point Objective — maximum acceptable data loss
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RTO in disaster recovery?
Recovery Time Objective — maximum time to restore service
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Which Python web framework is full-featured?
Django
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Node.js enables?
JavaScript on server-side via V8 engine and event loop
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Docker image is?
A read-only template for creating containers
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