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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Networks → Introduction to Computer Networks 31

X.509 is standard for
Digital certificates
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CRL stands for
Certificate Revocation List
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OCSP is faster than CRL because
Provides real-time per-certificate status check
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Certificate pinning prevents
MITM attacks by binding known certificate to host
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HSTS tells browser to
Always use HTTPS for the domain
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RSS in networking distributes
Network interrupts across multiple CPU cores
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Zero-copy networking avoids
Data copy between kernel and user space
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RDMA latency is typically
Sub-microsecond
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InfiniBand is used in
HPC clusters for ultra-low latency
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RoCE stands for
RDMA over Converged Ethernet
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iWARP provides
RDMA over TCP/IP
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NIC promiscuous mode passes
All frames to OS regardless of destination MAC
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Blockchain consensus PoW requires
Computational work to add block
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Blockchain consensus PoS requires
Holding stake (cryptocurrency) to validate
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DHT is used in
P2P networks for distributed key-value storage
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Byzantine fault tolerance handles
Nodes acting maliciously or arbitrarily
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CAP theorem P (partition tolerance) means
System continues despite network partition
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BASE in distributed systems stands for
Basically Available Soft state Eventually consistent
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ACID in databases stands for
Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
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Microservices architecture uses
Collection of small independent services
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Event sourcing stores
All events that led to current state
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CQRS stands for
Command Query Responsibility Segregation
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IPSec AH provides
Integrity and authentication without encryption
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IPSec ESP provides
Encryption integrity and authentication
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IKE in IPSec stands for
Internet Key Exchange
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IPSec transport mode protects
Payload only keeping original IP header
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IPSec tunnel mode protects
Entire original IP packet including header
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Certificate Authority hierarchy root CA signs
Intermediate CA certificates
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EV certificate provides
Extended Validation with higher identity assurance
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BGP GTSM (TTL security) protects against
Remote spoofed BGP attacks using TTL requirement
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BGP route dampening penalizes
Frequently flapping routes
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Computer Networks → Transport Layer 4

TCP window scaling extends window to
1 GB using shift count
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TCP MSS negotiation occurs at
Connection setup SYN SYN-ACK
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TCP TSO reduces
CPU load by offloading segmentation to NIC
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BGP TCP MD5 signature protects
BGP session from spoofed TCP segments
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Computer Networks → Presentation Layer 3

DTLS is needed because TLS requires
UDP not supported by TLS directly
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SSL 3.0 was deprecated due to
POODLE attack vulnerability
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TLS 1.3 removed
Static RSA and non-PFS cipher suites
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Computer Networks → Routing Algorithms 2

OSPF convergence after link failure involves
Flooding new LSAs and running SPF
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IS-IS advantage over OSPF is
Multi-protocol support IPv4 IPv6 and others natively
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