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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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DBMS → Database Security 3

The                          scheme uses a page table containing pointers to all pages; the page table itself and all updated pages are copied to a new location.
shadow paging
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                 dump, writes out SQL DDL statements and SQL insert statements to a file, which can then be reexecuted to re- create the database.
sql
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For correct behaviour during recovery, undo and redo operation must be
idempotent
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DBMS → PL/SQL 3

If a transaction does not modify the database until it has committed, it is said to use the                        technique.
deferred-modification
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                   dump schemes have been developed that allow transactions to be active while the dump is in progress.
fuzzy
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If                        are not obtained in undo operation it will cause problem in undo- phase.
lower-level lock
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DBMS → Introduction to DBMS 3

                         using a log record sets the data item specified in the log record to the old value.
undo
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ARIES uses a                        to identify log records, and stores it in database pages.
log number
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The remote backup site is sometimes also called the
secondary site
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DBMS → Database Architecture 3

In the                      phase, the system replays updates of all transactions by scanning the log forward from the last checkpoint.
redo
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ARIES supports                        operations, which are physical in that the affected page is physically identified, but can be logical within the page.
physiological redo
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The backup is taken by
sending all log records from primary site to the remote backup site
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DBMS → Data Models 2

The actions which are played in the order while recording it is called                               history.
repeating
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                             is used to minimize unnecessary redos during recovery.
dirty page table
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DBMS → ER Model 2

A special redo-only log record < Ti, Xj, V1> is written to the log, where V1 is the value being restored to data item Xj during the rollback. These log records are sometimes called
compensation log records
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                     scheme that records only information about dirty pages and associated information and does not even require of writing dirty pages to disk.
fuzzy-checkpoint
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DBMS → Relational Model 2

In order to reduce the overhead in retrieving the records from the storage space we use
log buffer
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Whenever an update operation occurs on a page, the operation stores the LSN of its log record in the                field of the page.
pagelsn
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DBMS → Normalization 2

Writing the buffered log to                      is sometimes referred to as a log force.
disk
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The                                      contains a list of pages that have been updated in the database buffer.
dirty page table
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DBMS → Functional Dependency 2

The                                policy, allows a transaction to commit even if it has modified some blocks that have not yet been written back to disk.
no-force
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                       determines which transactions to undo, which pages were dirty at the time of the crash, and the LSN from which the redo pass should start.
analysis pass
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DBMS → SQL Basics 2

                             policy allows multiple updates to accumulate on a block before it is output to stable storage, which can reduce the number of output operations greatly for frequently updated blocks.
no-force
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                     starts from a position determined during analysis, and performs a redo, repeating history, to bring the database to a state it was in before the crash.
redo pass
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DBMS → DDL Commands 2

The                        policy, allows the system to write modified blocks to disk even if the transactions that made those modifications have not all committed.
steal
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                             rolls back all transactions that were incomplete at the time of crash.
undo pass
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DBMS → DML Commands 2

The                                      contains a list of blocks that have been updated in the database buffer.
dirty block
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Which lock should be obtained to prevent a concurrent transaction from executing a conflicting read, insert or delete operation on the same key value.
higher-level lock
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DBMS → Joins 2

The silicon chips used for data processing are called
prom chips
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Once the lower-level lock is released, the operation cannot be undone by using the old values of updated data items, and must instead be undone by executing a compensating operation; such an operation is called
logical operation
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DBMS → Views 2

Which of the following is used for manufacturing chips?
semiconductor
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Which of the following is used for undo operations alone?
logical logging
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DBMS → Indexes 2

What was the name of the first commercially available microprocessor chip?
intel 4004
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Redo operations are performed exclusively using
both physical logging and physical log records
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DBMS → Transactions 2

The magnetic storage chip used to provide non-volatile direct access storage of data and that have no moving parts are known as
magnetic bubble memory
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An operation is said to be                      if executing it several times in a row gives the same result as executing it once.
idempotent
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DBMS → Concurrency Control 2

The ALU of a computer normally contains a number of high speed storage element called
registers
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Immediate database modification technique uses
both undo and redo
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DBMS → Deadlock 2

A dump of the database contents is also referred to as an                            dump.
archival
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Shadow paging has
no redo
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