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GK One-Line Question & Answer

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 38

H.264 vs H.265 (HEVC): H.265 provides?
~50% better compression at same quality — more CPU intensive to encode
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AV1 codec was developed by?
Alliance for Open Media (Google, Mozilla, Microsoft, Netflix, etc.) — royalty-free
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RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) is used for?
Controlling media streaming sessions (play, pause, seek)
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HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) by Apple uses?
Chunked video segments over regular HTTP/CDN
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DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) provides?
Adaptive bitrate streaming over HTTP — adjusts quality based on bandwidth
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P2P (Peer-to-Peer) network architecture?
Peers share resources directly without central server
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BitTorrent uses which technique for parallel downloading?
Swarming — downloading different pieces from multiple peers simultaneously
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DHT (Distributed Hash Table) in P2P provides?
Decentralized peer discovery without tracker server
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Chord DHT uses?
Consistent hashing with O(log N) lookup hops
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Kademlia DHT (used by BitTorrent) uses?
XOR distance metric for node/key distance measurement
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Content-addressable network (CAN) routes using?
Multi-dimensional coordinate space
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Which protocol enables multipath TCP?
MPTCP (Multipath TCP - RFC 8684)
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SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) advantages include?
Multi-homing, multi-streaming, and message-oriented transport
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Which protocol is used for network time synchronization in data centers?
PTP/IEEE 1588 (Precision Time Protocol)
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White-box networking uses?
Commodity hardware with disaggregated software (OS/apps from different vendors)
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Formal verification in software?
Mathematically proves software correctness against specification
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Model checking in formal verification?
Exhaustively explores state space to verify temporal logic properties
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Hoare triple {P} C {Q} means?
If precondition P holds before C executes, postcondition Q holds after
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Invariant in programming is?
A condition that remains true throughout program execution
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Loop invariant is used to prove?
Loop correctness — condition true before, during, and after each iteration
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Decidability in computation theory means?
There exists an algorithm that always terminates with correct yes/no answer
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The Halting Problem is?
Undecidable — no algorithm can determine if arbitrary program halts
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Church-Turing thesis states?
Any effectively computable function is computable by a Turing machine
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Lambda calculus was developed by?
Alonzo Church — foundation of functional programming
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Automata theory studies?
Abstract mathematical machines and their computational power
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Regular language is recognized by?
Finite automaton (DFA/NFA)
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Context-free language is recognized by?
Pushdown automaton (PDA)
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Which language is context-sensitive but not context-free?
a^n b^n c^n
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Pumping lemma is used to prove?
A language is NOT regular (or not context-free)
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Type 0 grammar in Chomsky hierarchy generates?
Recursively enumerable languages (most general)
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Turing complete means?
Can simulate any Turing machine — compute any computable function
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von Neumann architecture is Turing complete because?
It can simulate any Turing machine computation with sufficient memory
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Which programming language paradigm models programs as mathematical functions?
Functional (Haskell, Erlang, Clojure)
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Logic programming (Prolog) uses?
Facts, rules, and queries — computation as logical inference
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Reactive programming is based on?
Asynchronous data streams and propagation of change
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Actor model of concurrency uses?
Independent actors communicating via message passing (no shared state)
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CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes) by Tony Hoare?
Formal model of concurrent processes communicating via channels
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Goroutines in Go language are?
Lightweight user-space threads managed by Go runtime with channels for communication
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Computer Fundamentals → Memory Units 2

Chomsky hierarchy levels from most to least restricted?
Regular < Context-free < Context-sensitive < Recursively enumerable
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Coroutine differs from thread in?
Cooperative scheduling — yields control explicitly vs preemptive thread scheduling
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