Quick Revision

GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 39

Federated learning trains ML models?
Across distributed devices with local data — only model updates shared, not raw data
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Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) allows?
Multiple parties to jointly compute a function over private inputs without revealing those inputs
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Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) like Intel SGX provides?
Isolated protected memory region even OS/hypervisor cannot access
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Confidential computing uses TEE to protect data?
In use (during computation) — complementing encryption at rest and in transit
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Post-quantum algorithm CRYSTALS-Kyber is based on?
Learning with Errors (LWE) lattice problem
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Hash-based signatures (XMSS, SPHINCS+) rely on?
Security of hash functions only — quantum-resistant
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Code-based cryptography (McEliece) uses?
Error-correcting code decoding hardness
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Which computer science pioneer is the Turing Award named after?
Alan Turing
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The first Turing Award was given to?
Alan Perlis
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Donald Knuth is known for?
The Art of Computer Programming and TeX typesystem
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Edsger Dijkstra contributed?
Shortest path algorithm, semaphores, structured programming, go-to harmful
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Edgar Codd proposed?
Relational model for database management
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Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed?
TCP/IP protocols — internet's foundational communication protocols
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Tim Berners-Lee is credited with?
Inventing the World Wide Web (HTML, HTTP, URL) in 1989
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Linus Torvalds created?
Linux kernel (1991)
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Git was also created by Linus Torvalds in?
2005
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Larry Page and Sergey Brin created?
Google — based on PageRank algorithm from Stanford PhD research
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PageRank algorithm measures?
Importance of web pages based on incoming link quality and quantity
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Claude Shannon's information theory defines information as?
Reduction in uncertainty — measured in bits (entropy)
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Shannon's channel capacity theorem (Shannon-Hartley) states?
Maximum error-free data rate = B × log₂(1 + S/N)
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Nyquist rate for a channel is?
Maximum symbol rate = 2B (twice the bandwidth) for noiseless channel
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Error-correcting codes achieve transmission near?
Shannon limit (channel capacity) with appropriate code design
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LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) codes are used in?
WiFi 802.11n/ac, 5G, DVB-S2 — near Shannon limit capacity
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Turbo codes were revolutionary because?
First practical codes approaching Shannon limit (1993)
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Polar codes (used in 5G) are provably?
Capacity-achieving codes — first with proved capacity achievement
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OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is used in?
WiFi, 4G LTE, 5G, DSL — robust multipath channel transmission
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MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology uses?
Multiple antennas for spatial multiplexing — increasing capacity without extra bandwidth
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Massive MIMO in 5G uses?
Hundreds of antennas for beamforming and massive spatial multiplexing
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Beamforming in wireless communications?
Focuses energy in specific direction toward target device
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Which modulation scheme provides highest spectral efficiency?
1024-QAM (in WiFi 7)
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Spread spectrum techniques like CDMA use?
Spreading signal over wide frequency band for interference rejection
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OFDMA (used in WiFi 6/6E and 5G) vs OFDM allows?
Multiple users on different subcarriers simultaneously — improved efficiency
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Wi-Fi 6E extends Wi-Fi 6 to?
6 GHz band — more spectrum, less congestion
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Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be) introduces?
Multi-Link Operation (MLO), 4K-QAM, 320 MHz channels — up to 46 Gbps
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6G wireless technology is expected to operate in?
THz (Terahertz) frequencies for extremely high data rates
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GEO satellite at 35,786 km has what approximate one-way latency?
120 ms
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Which Indian landmark was identified as a location for first computer installation?
Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata (1956)
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NIC (National Informatics Centre) in India provides?
IT infrastructure and e-governance services to Government of India
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Digital India initiative aims to?
Transform India into digital society with e-governance, connectivity, digital literacy
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Computer Fundamentals → Internet Basics 1

LEO satellite internet (Starlink) orbits at?
550 km (LEO) — much lower latency than GEO
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