Quick Revision

GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 39

Emulation vs simulation: emulation?
Reproduces exact behavior of another system on different hardware (functional)
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QEMU is used for?
Machine emulation and virtualization (full system emulation)
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KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) in Linux is?
Type 1 hypervisor built into Linux kernel — uses hardware virtualization
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Intel VT-x and AMD-V are?
CPU hardware virtualization extensions enabling efficient hypervisors
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IOMMU (Intel VT-d / AMD-Vi) enables?
Secure direct device assignment to VMs — DMA protection
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Live migration of VMs transfers?
Running VM state (memory, CPU) to another host with minimal downtime
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Memory ballooning in virtualization?
Dynamically adjusts VM memory allocation by inflating/deflating balloon driver
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Memory deduplication (KSM in Linux) saves memory by?
Identifying identical memory pages across VMs and sharing them (Copy-on-Write)
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SR-IOV (Single Root I/O Virtualization) allows?
Physical NIC to present multiple virtual functions (VFs) for direct VM assignment
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DPDK (Data Plane Development Kit) enables?
User-space packet processing bypassing kernel for high-performance networking
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XDP (eXpress Data Path) in Linux provides?
High-performance packet processing in the kernel driver layer using eBPF
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P4 programming language is used for?
Programming the data plane of network devices (packet processing logic)
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SmartNIC (DPU) offloads to the NIC?
Networking, security, and storage functions from the CPU
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In-band network telemetry (INT) collects?
Per-packet path and queue data embedded in data plane packets
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Network digital twin provides?
Virtual replica of network for simulation, testing, and what-if analysis
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Zero-touch provisioning (ZTP) automates?
New device boot and configuration from central server without manual intervention
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GitOps applies Git workflows to?
Infrastructure and network configuration management — Git as single source of truth
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Service mesh data plane proxies like Envoy handle?
Inter-service traffic — load balancing, retries, circuit breaking, observability
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Istio service mesh uses Envoy as?
Data plane sidecar proxy injected alongside each service
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mTLS (Mutual TLS) in service mesh provides?
Both client and server authenticate each other — service-to-service identity
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Service Account in Kubernetes provides?
Identity for pods to authenticate with Kubernetes API and other services
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RBAC in Kubernetes controls?
Who can perform which actions on which resources in the cluster
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Pod Security Standards (PSS) in Kubernetes define?
Security contexts and constraints for pod workloads (privileged, baseline, restricted)
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OPA (Open Policy Agent) provides?
Policy-as-code for unified authorization across cloud-native stack
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Falco detects?
Runtime security threats by monitoring Linux system calls
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Supply chain security in software ensures?
Integrity and authenticity of code, dependencies, and build artifacts
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SLSA (Supply Chain Levels for Software Artifacts) framework provides?
Graduated security requirements for software build and source integrity
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Sigstore provides?
Transparent, keyless signing of software artifacts using OIDC identity
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SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) lists?
All software components, dependencies, and their versions in a product
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CSPM (Cloud Security Posture Management) continuously?
Assesses cloud infrastructure against security best practices and compliance
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CWPP (Cloud Workload Protection Platform) protects?
Running workloads (VMs, containers) with runtime security and vulnerability management
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CNAPP combines?
CSPM and CWPP into unified cloud-native application protection platform
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eBPF security tools like Tetragon provide?
Kernel-level security observability and enforcement without kernel modules
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Runtime application self-protection (RASP) is?
Security protection built into the application runtime — detects and prevents attacks in real time
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API gateway provides?
Centralized API management — rate limiting, auth, routing, monitoring
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Rate limiting prevents?
API abuse by limiting requests per time period per client
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mTLS vs TLS: mTLS adds?
Client certificate authentication in addition to server certificate
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Service-to-service authentication without secrets using SPIFFE/SPIRE provides?
Workload identity via X.509 SVIDs automatically issued to workloads
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Which sorting has best worst-case and is stable?
Merge sort
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Computer Fundamentals → Computer Security 1

WAF (Web Application Firewall) protects against?
Application layer attacks (SQLi, XSS, CSRF, etc.)
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