Quick Revision

GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 40

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) extends VLANs by?
Encapsulating Layer 2 frames in UDP/IP, supporting 16M virtual networks
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GENEVE (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation) improves on VXLAN by?
Extensible metadata in header for more flexible network virtualization
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BGP EVPN uses which address families?
L2VPN EVPN (AFI 25, SAFI 70) for MAC/IP distribution
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Which protocol provides underlay in modern data center fabrics?
BGP with ECMP (Equal Cost Multi-Path)
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Spine-Leaf data center architecture provides?
Consistent low-latency any-to-any connectivity with 2 hops maximum
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ECMP (Equal Cost Multi-Path) allows?
Traffic load balancing across multiple equal-cost paths simultaneously
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Which hashing is used for ECMP flow distribution?
5-tuple hash (src IP, dst IP, src port, dst port, protocol)
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TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) was designed to?
Enable optimal routing between switches (IS-IS based)
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SPB (Shortest Path Bridging, 802.1aq) uses?
IS-IS for computing shortest paths in Ethernet networks
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BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection) provides?
Fast failure detection (sub-second) independent of routing protocol
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YANG data models are used in?
Network automation with NETCONF/RESTCONF for structured device configuration
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NETCONF protocol uses?
XML over SSH for network device configuration and management
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RESTCONF is to NETCONF as?
REST API to NETCONF — uses HTTP/HTTPS with JSON/XML for YANG-modeled data
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gNMI (gRPC Network Management Interface) uses?
gRPC/Protocol Buffers for streaming telemetry and device management
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Streaming telemetry vs SNMP polling: streaming?
Devices push data continuously — lower latency, higher frequency
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Which protocol provides NAT traversal for VoIP?
STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT)
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TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) is used when?
STUN fails — relays media through TURN server for symmetric NAT
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ICE (Interactive Connectivity Establishment) in WebRTC?
Systematically tries STUN/TURN/direct paths to find best connection
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SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is used for?
Establishing, modifying, terminating multimedia sessions (VoIP)
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RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) carries?
Media streams (audio/video) with timing and sequence information
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RTCP provides?
Quality statistics and control for RTP streams
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Jitter in network quality refers to?
Variation in packet arrival delay — problematic for real-time audio/video
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Jitter buffer compensates for jitter by?
Buffering received packets and playing them at consistent intervals
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Which codec is used in WebRTC for audio?
Opus (with fallback to G.711)
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H.264 vs H.265 (HEVC): H.265 provides?
~50% better compression at same quality — more CPU intensive to encode
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AV1 codec was developed by?
Alliance for Open Media (Google, Mozilla, Microsoft, Netflix, etc.) — royalty-free
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RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) is used for?
Controlling media streaming sessions (play, pause, seek)
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HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) by Apple uses?
Chunked video segments over regular HTTP/CDN
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DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) provides?
Adaptive bitrate streaming over HTTP — adjusts quality based on bandwidth
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P2P (Peer-to-Peer) network architecture?
Peers share resources directly without central server
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BitTorrent uses which technique for parallel downloading?
Swarming — downloading different pieces from multiple peers simultaneously
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DHT (Distributed Hash Table) in P2P provides?
Decentralized peer discovery without tracker server
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Chord DHT uses?
Consistent hashing with O(log N) lookup hops
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Kademlia DHT (used by BitTorrent) uses?
XOR distance metric for node/key distance measurement
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Content-addressable network (CAN) routes using?
Multi-dimensional coordinate space
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Which protocol enables multipath TCP?
MPTCP (Multipath TCP - RFC 8684)
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SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) advantages include?
Multi-homing, multi-streaming, and message-oriented transport
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Which protocol is used for network time synchronization in data centers?
PTP/IEEE 1588 (Precision Time Protocol)
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White-box networking uses?
Commodity hardware with disaggregated software (OS/apps from different vendors)
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Formal verification in software?
Mathematically proves software correctness against specification
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