Quick Revision

GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 38

NUMA-aware memory allocation uses?
Allocate memory on the NUMA node closest to the thread
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PCIe peer-to-peer (P2P) allows?
Two PCIe devices to transfer data directly without CPU involvement
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NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) extends NVMe?
Over network (RDMA, FC, TCP) for disaggregated storage with NVMe latency
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RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) allows?
Network adapter to directly read/write remote memory — bypassing remote CPU
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RoCE (RDMA over Converged Ethernet) provides?
RDMA capability over standard Ethernet infrastructure
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Which memory bus standard replaced the dedicated front-side bus?
QPI/UPI (Intel) and HyperTransport (AMD)
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Intel UPI (Ultra Path Interconnect) connects?
Multiple CPUs in multi-socket servers
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Power consumption breakdown in modern CPUs: dynamic power scales with?
CV²f (Capacitance × Voltage² × frequency)
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Leakage current in transistors becomes dominant at?
Small process nodes (sub-22nm) — significant even when transistor is off
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Which technology reduces power in CPUs by temporarily stopping clock signal to idle blocks?
Clock gating
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Adiabatic computing attempts to?
Recover energy from computation rather than dissipating it as heat
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HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) is connected to the GPU/CPU via?
Through Silicon Via (TSV) on the same package (2.5D/3D)
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2.5D integration uses?
Dies placed side-by-side on a silicon interposer connected by short interconnects
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Which memory has the lowest latency?
SRAM (on-die cache)
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Crossbar switch in memory systems allows?
Any input to connect to any output simultaneously — O(n²) connections
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Directory-based cache coherence scales better than snooping because?
Reduces broadcast traffic — messages sent only to relevant nodes
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Write-invalidate vs write-update cache protocol: write-invalidate?
Invalidates all other copies when one core writes — most common today
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Which cache coherence protocol state allows only one cache to have a dirty copy?
Modified (M) state in MESI
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Which layer of OSI model deals with node-to-node data delivery?
Data Link layer
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Which protocol is connection-oriented at Layer 4?
TCP
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Which field in IPv4 header identifies the upper-layer protocol?
Protocol field
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IPv4 fragmentation occurs when?
Packet size exceeds MTU of the path
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IPv6 handles fragmentation differently by?
Only source host fragments; routers do not
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PMTUD (Path MTU Discovery) determines?
Maximum packet size that can traverse the entire path without fragmentation
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Which IPv4 header field prevents routing loops?
TTL (Time To Live)
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OSPFv3 vs OSPFv2: OSPFv3 is designed for?
IPv6
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IS-IS routing protocol runs on?
Directly on Data Link layer (Layer 2) — no IP dependency
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RIP v2 maximum hop count is?
15
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Which protocol provides gateway redundancy (failover)?
HSRP (Cisco) / VRRP (standard)
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VRRP master election is based on?
Highest priority value (default 100)
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GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnel?
Encapsulates packets of one protocol inside another protocol
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IPsec transport mode vs tunnel mode: tunnel mode?
Encapsulates and encrypts the entire original IP packet
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Which multicast protocol manages group membership on local networks?
IGMP (IPv4) / MLD (IPv6)
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PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) is used for?
Routing multicast traffic between routers
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Anycast routing delivers packets to?
Nearest node in a group
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Which network protocol provides loop-free path selection in Layer 2?
STP/RSTP
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MSTP (802.1s) improves on RSTP by?
Supporting multiple spanning tree instances per VLAN group
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Which HTTP method is idempotent but NOT safe?
PUT
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Computer Fundamentals → Memory Units 1

SRAM vs DRAM speed: SRAM is faster because?
No refresh needed — flip-flop based storage with no capacitor discharge
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Computer Fundamentals → Internet Basics 1

IKE (Internet Key Exchange) in IPsec is used for?
Negotiating and establishing Security Associations (key exchange)
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