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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 36

MESI protocol states are?
Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid
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False sharing in multi-core CPUs occurs when?
Different variables in same cache line cause unnecessary invalidation
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NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) architecture means?
Memory access time depends on which CPU accesses which memory bank
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Which bus standard replaced AGP for graphics cards?
PCIe (PCI Express)
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PCIe bandwidth is measured per direction, so x16 PCIe 4.0 total bandwidth is?
32 GB/s
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Which storage connector is used for laptop storage today?
M.2 NVMe primarily
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UFS (Universal Flash Storage) in smartphones is?
Faster than eMMC with command queue support
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Which expansion card adds Thunderbolt to a desktop PC?
Thunderbolt add-in card
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Which scheduling algorithm is used in Linux by default?
CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler)
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CFS in Linux uses which data structure?
Red-black tree
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Which signal in Linux cannot be caught or ignored?
SIGKILL
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D-Bus in Linux is used for?
Inter-process communication between desktop applications
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systemd in Linux replaces?
init (SysV init)
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Which systemd command starts a service?
systemctl start
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Docker Compose is used for?
Defining and running multi-container applications
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Dockerfile is used to?
Define instructions to build a Docker image
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Which Linux command shows all Docker containers (including stopped)?
docker ps -a
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Kubernetes deployment ensures?
Desired number of pod replicas are always running
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Kubernetes Service provides?
Stable network endpoint for accessing pods (load balances)
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Kubernetes Ingress manages?
External HTTP/HTTPS access to services
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Helm in Kubernetes is?
Package manager for Kubernetes applications (charts)
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CI in CI/CD stands for?
Continuous Integration — merging code frequently with automated testing
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CD in CI/CD can mean?
Continuous Delivery or Continuous Deployment
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Jenkins is used for?
CI/CD automation (build, test, deploy pipelines)
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Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools include?
Terraform, Ansible, CloudFormation
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Immutable infrastructure means?
Servers are never modified after deployment — replaced instead of patched
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Blue-green deployment strategy uses?
Two production environments alternating traffic for zero-downtime deploys
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Canary deployment releases new version to?
Small subset of users first before full rollout
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Feature flags/toggles allow?
Enabling/disabling features at runtime without deploying new code
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A/B testing in software means?
Testing two versions of a feature with different user groups
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Which design pattern defines object creation interface but lets subclasses decide which class to instantiate?
Factory Method
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Observer design pattern is used for?
Event handling and notification (publish-subscribe)
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SOLID principles 'S' stands for?
Single Responsibility Principle
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SOLID 'O' stands for?
Open/Closed Principle
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SOLID 'L' (Liskov Substitution Principle) states?
Objects of derived class must be substitutable for base class objects
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SOLID 'I' (Interface Segregation) states?
Clients should not depend on interfaces they don't use
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Computer Fundamentals → Memory Units 4

eMMC storage used in budget devices differs from NVMe in?
Speed — eMMC is much slower (similar to SATA) and soldered
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Server-grade RAM uses which DIMM type for capacity and stability?
RDIMM/LRDIMM
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Containerization differs from virtualization primarily because?
Containers share host OS kernel — lighter and faster
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GitLab CI/CD differs from Jenkins in?
Built-in CI/CD within GitLab platform (no separate server needed)
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