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Computer Fundamentals → Memory Units 8

Which memory interface connects DRAM to CPU in modern systems?
DDR4/DDR5 memory interface
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LPDDR RAM is optimized for?
Mobile devices (low power DDR)
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ECC RAM is required in?
Servers and workstations requiring data integrity
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Registered (Buffered) RAM (RDIMM) differs from UDIMM in?
Has register between controller and DRAM chips for stability with many modules
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SPD chip on RAM module stores?
Configuration information (speed, timings, voltage)
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M.2 form factor SSD can use which interfaces?
Both SATA and NVMe
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DRAM cache in an HDD improves?
Read/write performance by buffering frequently accessed data
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Flash memory endurance: SLC > MLC > TLC > QLC means?
SLC has most P/E cycles (highest endurance)
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Computer Fundamentals → Introduction to Computer 32

DDR5 vs DDR4: DDR5 improvements include?
Higher bandwidth, lower voltage, on-die ECC
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Memory interleaving improves?
Memory bandwidth by accessing multiple modules simultaneously
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Dual-channel memory configuration?
Uses two RAM modules for doubled bandwidth
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XMP (Extreme Memory Profile) is used to?
Run RAM at rated speed (which may exceed JEDEC standard)
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Memory timing CAS Latency (CL) measures?
Column Address Strobe latency in clock cycles
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Lower CAS latency means?
Faster RAM response
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Which storage interface is slower: SATA or NVMe?
SATA
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Perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) in HDDs?
Records magnetic domains vertically, increasing density
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Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) writes?
Overlapping tracks like roof shingles for higher density
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Host-Managed SMR drives are controlled by?
The host OS/application
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Helium-filled hard drives offer?
Less resistance, lower power, higher density
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Which RAID level offers both striping and mirroring (RAID 1+0)?
RAID 10
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RAID 5 requires minimum how many drives?
3
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RAID 6 can tolerate failure of how many drives simultaneously?
2
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RAID 5 parity is used to?
Reconstruct data if one drive fails
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Which RAID offers no fault tolerance?
RAID 0
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NAS stands for?
Network Attached Storage
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SAN stands for?
Storage Area Network
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Difference between NAS and SAN: NAS provides?
File-level storage over network
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Object storage is ideal for?
Unstructured data at massive scale (S3, Blob)
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CAS storage (Content Addressable Storage) uses?
Content hash for addressing — same content = same address
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Deduplication in storage?
Eliminates redundant data copies to save space
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Compression ratio of storage is?
Ratio of original to compressed size — higher is better
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Which file system supports access control lists (ACL)?
NTFS
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exFAT is designed for?
Flash drives and SD cards (no 4GB limit)
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ZFS file system feature: copy-on-write means?
Writes new data to new location before updating pointer — protects against corruption
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ZFS checksums protect against?
Data corruption and bit rot by verifying data integrity
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APFS (Apple File System) is optimized for?
Flash/SSD storage with strong encryption and snapshots
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Journaling in a file system?
Records file system changes to enable recovery after crash
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Which storage classification is 'cold storage'?
Rarely accessed archive data (cheap, slow)
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Tape storage (LTO) is used for?
Long-term archival backup due to low cost per TB
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Memory hierarchy principle states: closer to CPU = ?
Faster, smaller, more expensive
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