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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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DBMS → Data Models 1

Which normal form is most desirable ?
3 NF
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DBMS → ER Model 1

A functional dependency is a relationship between
Attributes
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DBMS → Relational Model 1

Two or more attributes that can be a key are called :
Composite key
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DBMS → Normalization 1

Cartesian product in relational algebra is
a Binary operator.
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DBMS → Functional Dependency 1

In the relational modes, cardinality is termed as:
Number of tuples.
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DBMS → SQL Basics 1

Relational calculus is a
Non- Procedural language.
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DBMS → DDL Commands 1

In a relational database a referential integrity constraint can be specified with the help of
foreign key
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DBMS → DML Commands 1

A super key is a set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively, allow us
to identify uniquely an entity in the entity set
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DBMS → Joins 1

4NF is designed to cope with:
Multi valued dependency
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DBMS → Views 1

A relational database developer refers to a record as
a tuple.
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DBMS → Indexes 1

The relational model feature is that there
is much more data independence than some other database models.
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DBMS → Transactions 1

SET concept is used in :
Network Model
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DBMS → Concurrency Control 1

Relational Algebra is
Procedural query Language
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DBMS → Introduction to DBMS 27

Which best describes the impedance mismatch problem?
Mismatch between data structures of programming languages and the relational model
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In three-schema architecture which layer provides logical independence?
Conceptual schema
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Which is NOT a property of ACID transactions?
Concurrency
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What is the primary difference between a data warehouse and a traditional DBMS?
Data warehouses are optimized for analytical read-heavy workloads; DBMS for transactional write-heavy workloads
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Which catalog component stores metadata about tables, views, and indexes?
System catalog / Metadata repository
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Data abstraction in DBMS provides which primary advantage?
Shielding users from physical storage complexity while maintaining logical clarity
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Which correctly describes the difference between DDL and DML?
DDL defines schema structure; DML retrieves and manipulates data
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Physical data independence in DBMS means:
Ability to change internal/physical schema without changing the conceptual schema
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Who is responsible for defining the conceptual schema?
Database Administrator (DBA)
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A view in DBMS primarily provides which level of abstraction?
View/External level
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Which is a disadvantage of file-based systems compared to DBMS?
Data redundancy and inconsistency
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The closed world assumption in DBMS means:
Any data not stored is assumed to be false/non-existent
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Which best defines data integrity in DBMS?
Ensuring accuracy, consistency, and validity of data throughout its lifecycle
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In DBMS terminology a schema is:
The overall design or logical structure of the database
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What is the instance of a database?
The actual data stored in the database at a particular moment in time
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Which component converts high-level queries into efficient low-level operations?
Query Optimizer
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What is data independence fundamentally protecting against?
The ripple effect of changes in one schema level propagating to another
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Which is a characteristic of an active database?
It can automatically trigger actions via triggers in response to database events
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In DBMS terminology a relation is equivalent to:
A table
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Which statement about NULL values is most accurate?
NULL represents an unknown, missing, or inapplicable value
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The ANSI/SPARC three-schema architecture was proposed primarily to achieve:
Data independence between different levels of database abstraction
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Which DBMS architecture is most suitable for internet-scale applications?
Three-tier architecture
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What distinguishes a primary key constraint from a unique constraint?
Primary key does not allow NULL values and must be unique; unique allows one NULL
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What is the primary purpose of a buffer manager in a DBMS?
Manages transfer of data between disk and main memory to minimize I/O
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Semantic integrity in DBMS refers to:
Ensuring data satisfies real-world constraints and business rules beyond syntactic correctness
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Which is a correct statement about ORDBMS?
ORDBMS extends the relational model with object-oriented features like user-defined types and methods
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What is the primary purpose of a transaction log in a DBMS?
To maintain a record of all database changes for recovery and rollback purposes
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