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GK One-Line Question & Answer

15541+ short questions with short answers, covering every category and sub-category on the site — no long articles to scroll through. Good for a fast recap before an exam, or a few minutes of daily practice.

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Computer Networks → Introduction to Computer Networks 36

What is IANA protocol number registry
Maintaining assigned protocol numbers for IP and transport layers
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What is IETF working group
Group developing specific internet standards and RFCs
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What is internet draft in IETF
Work in progress document before becoming RFC
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What is IEEE 802 committee purpose
Developing LAN and MAN networking standards
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What is ETSI role in networking
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
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What is 3GPP Release 15 significance
First 5G NR specification release
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What is 3GPP Release 16 additions
5G enhancements URLLC V2X IIoT support
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What is 3GPP Release 17 additions
Further 5G enhancements NR-Light sidelink
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What is protocol encapsulation benefit
Each layer can be developed independently
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What is network protocol versioning
Managing backward compatibility as protocols evolve
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What is protocol obsolescence challenge
Old protocols still in use creating security and compatibility issues
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What is network standardization benefit
Interoperability between different vendor equipment
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What is proprietary protocol risk
Vendor lock-in and limited interoperability
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What is open source networking benefit
Community innovation transparency and no vendor lock-in
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What is network abstraction benefit
Hiding complexity enabling innovation at each layer independently
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What is horizontal vs vertical scaling in networking
Horizontal adds nodes vertical adds capacity to existing nodes
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What is scale-out vs scale-up
Scale-out adds more units scale-up adds resources to existing
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What is single point of failure in networks
Component whose failure brings down entire system
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What is N-plus-1 redundancy
One backup unit for every N active units
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What is geographic redundancy
Redundant systems in geographically separate locations
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What is network convergence speed importance
Faster convergence means less traffic disruption after failure
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What is network observability maturity model
Progression from reactive monitoring to proactive self-healing
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What is mean time to detect (MTTD)
Average time from incident start to detection
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What is mean time to respond (MTTR)
Average time from detection to containment
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What is DMARC p=quarantine action
Place failing emails in spam/junk folder
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What is DMARC p=reject action
Reject emails failing DMARC check entirely
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What is email header analysis in security
Tracing email path and detecting spoofing via headers
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What is email sandboxing
Executing email attachments in isolated environment to detect malware
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What is URL reputation filtering
Blocking access to known malicious URLs
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What is email gateway security
Filtering spam malware and phishing at email perimeter
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What is zero-day in email attacks
Malicious email exploiting unknown vulnerability in email client
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What is Business Email Compromise (BEC)
Impersonating executives to trick employees into wire transfers
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What is email header spoofing
Forging From header to impersonate legitimate sender
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What is display name spoofing
Using legitimate-looking name with different email address
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What is lookalike domain in phishing
Domain visually similar to legitimate one for deception
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What is homograph attack
Using similar-looking characters from different scripts in domain names
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Computer Networks → Transport Layer 1

What is IANA port number registry
Maintaining assigned well-known and registered port numbers
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Computer Networks → OSI Reference Model 1

What is OSI reference model purpose today
Framework for understanding troubleshooting and teaching networks
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Computer Networks → TCP/IP Model 1

What is TCP/IP model real-world usage
Actual implementation protocol suite for internet
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Computer Networks → Network Layer 1

What is IPv4 exhaustion solution
IPv6 transition NAT and address conservation
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