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Computer Networks → Switching Techniques 2

Packet switching is preferred for
Bursty data traffic
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Circuit switching is preferred for
Continuous real-time voice and video
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Computer Networks → Introduction to Computer Networks 38

Computer Networks subject is important for CSE because
Foundation for internet cloud mobile AI and all computing
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What is a SAN (Storage Area Network)?
High-speed network connecting servers to storage via fiber
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NAS (Network Attached Storage) is accessed via
IP network using NFS or SMB
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iSCSI runs SCSI over
IP network (TCP/IP)
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Fiber Channel is used in
SANs for block-level storage access
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NFS stands for
Network File System
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SMB stands for
Server Message Block
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CIFS is
Common Internet File System (Windows SMB variant)
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GlusterFS is
Distributed scale-out network file system
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Ceph provides
Unified block object and file distributed storage
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Object storage uses
Flat address space with unique IDs
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Block storage is best for
Databases requiring low-latency block-level access
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File storage is best for
Shared file access across multiple servers
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Erasure coding in storage
Provides redundancy with less overhead than full replication
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RAID 0 provides
Striping for performance but no redundancy
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RAID 1 provides
Mirroring for redundancy
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RAID 5 requires minimum
3 disks
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RAID 6 can tolerate
2 disk failures
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RAID 10 combines
RAID 1 mirroring and RAID 0 striping
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Thin provisioning allocates
Storage on demand rather than upfront
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Storage deduplication
Removes duplicate data blocks
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Storage tiering automatically
Moves data between fast and slow storage based on access frequency
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What is a hyperconverged infrastructure
Combining compute storage and networking in software-defined system
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VMware vSAN is
Software-defined storage pooling local server disks
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Kubernetes persistent volume is
Storage resource provisioned in cluster
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CSI in Kubernetes stands for
Container Storage Interface
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StatefulSet in Kubernetes manages
Stateful applications with stable identity and storage
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What is data replication
Copying data to multiple locations for availability
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Synchronous replication means
Write confirmed only after all copies updated
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Asynchronous replication means
Write confirmed at primary then replicated asynchronously
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RTO in disaster recovery is
Maximum tolerable downtime before recovery must complete
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RPO in disaster recovery is
Maximum tolerable data loss measured in time
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Warm standby site has
Pre-configured systems needing minimal time to activate
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Hot standby site is
Fully active duplicate environment
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Cold standby site has
Only physical space and basic infrastructure
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Backup 3-2-1 rule means
3 copies 2 different media 1 offsite
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Incremental backup copies
Only data changed since last backup
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Differential backup copies
Only changed since last full
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